AMA
A. AMA targets Congress, more specifically, Medicare.
B. This group is made up of Physicians and medical students, the majority of these people will encounter Medicare patients or policies in practice, whether they choose to work in a private practice, or in a hospital. Since Medicare policies set standards for other insurance payers, it makes sense for the AMA to attempt to influence the way Medicare is run.
C. The constituents of the AMA include doctors and medical practice offices, and they have created a set of rules, policies, and procedure codes to standardize terminology. These Current Procedural Codes (CPC) are one of the primary ways that all medical forms and insurance forms are filled out. Since nearly all medical procedures are billed to insurers, and Medicare is the largest insurer in the United States, the AMA wants to communicate efficiently with Medicare so their constituency gets paid.
(1999_2)National interest groups often target national-level policymaking institutions to achieve their policy objectives.
Select one of the following national interest groups.- AARP- AMA (Medical Association)- NAACP- NAM (national assoc. of Manufacturers)
For the group you selected do each of the following.- a identify one major national-level policymaking institution that this group targets.- b describe one resource or characteristic of the group you have chosen and explain how it influences the choice of the target you have identified in (a)- c describe another resource or characteristic of the group you have chosen and explain how it influences the choice of the target you have identified in (a).
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/govpol_us_99.pdf
Monday, April 21, 2014
Media in Presidential Campaigns Essay #19
Two ways in which the media have contributed to candidate-centered presidential campaigns are: election profiles of all of the major candidates are covered on most of the major networks so many Americans tune in to learn about a candidates' early beginnings, and the coverage of a candidate's potential wrong-doing.
Two ways in which presidential candidates' use of the has contributes to candidate-centered campaigns are: the use of negative commercials to defame their competitor during election time, and through attention-gathering public appearances to enhance public attention to individual qualities.
(1999_1)In the 1990’s presidential election campaigns have become more candidate centered and less focused on issues and party labels. The change has been attributed both to how the media cover presidential campaigns and to how candidates use the media. Identify and explain two ways in which the media have contributed to candidate-centered presidential campaigns. Identify and explain two ways in which presidential candidates’ use of the media has contributed to candidate-centered campaigns.
Your answer should not include a discussion of presidential primary elections.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/sg_gov_pol_us_99.up_7047.pdf
Two ways in which presidential candidates' use of the has contributes to candidate-centered campaigns are: the use of negative commercials to defame their competitor during election time, and through attention-gathering public appearances to enhance public attention to individual qualities.
(1999_1)In the 1990’s presidential election campaigns have become more candidate centered and less focused on issues and party labels. The change has been attributed both to how the media cover presidential campaigns and to how candidates use the media. Identify and explain two ways in which the media have contributed to candidate-centered presidential campaigns. Identify and explain two ways in which presidential candidates’ use of the media has contributed to candidate-centered campaigns.
Your answer should not include a discussion of presidential primary elections.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/sg_gov_pol_us_99.up_7047.pdf
Tuesday, April 15, 2014
Federal Bureaucracy Essay #18
B) The structure of the bureaucracy contributes to bureaucratic independence because it is based on merit. Complexity of public policy problems contributes to bureaucratic independence because it delegates authority. Because Congress and the president cannot handle everything, they delegate authority to the bureaucracy.
C) -Congress can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracy.
-The Courts can implement rulings that limit bureaucratic practices.
-Interest Groups can utilize the 1st amendment while partaking in Lobbying, protests, and media use.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_us_govt_politics_q2.pdf
Party Trends Essay #17
B) From 1948 to 2000, Southern voters elected Democratic candidates to Congress more frequently than they elected Democratic candidates to the presidency. Incumbency advantage, even though Southern voters were voting for Republican presidential candidates, they continued to vote for incumbent Democratic congressional candidates because of the incumbency advantage. State versus national parties- because national and state parties were largely independent of each other, to get votes Democratic congressional candidates responded to local interests, whereas Democratic presidential candidates responded to a national constituency.
C) Over the past few decades, party composition has changed in groups. Catholics have become less reliable Democratic voters. Women have: become more reliable Democratic voters, have increased in number and thus there are more Democratic supporters, and have become a larger percentage of the Democratic voting block. Labor union members have: become less reliable Democratic voters, have decreased in number and thus there are fewer Democratic supporters, and have become a smaller percentage of the Democratic voting block.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_us_govt_politics_q3.pdf
Federal Agencies Essay #16
1. Two reasons why Congress gives federal agencies policy making discretion in executing federal laws are: because it's easier to come to an agreement, and it's more efficient that way.
2. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is under the policy of clean air and water. The EPA is in charge of protecting the environment by creating national parks and regulating pollution levels. The EPA passed pollution level laws and ordered all cities to change their requirements that didn't pass the test.
3. Two ways in which Congress ensures that federal agencies follow legislative intent are: investigations, and Legislative Veto.
2006-3 The United States congress and the president together have the power to enact federal law. Federal bureaucratic agencies have the responsibility to execute federal law. However, in the carrying out of these laws, federal agencies have policy making discretion.
(1) Explain two reasons why Congress gives federal agencies policy making discretion in executing federal laws.
(2) Choose one of the bureaucratic agencies listed below. Identify the policy area over which it exercises policy-making discretion and give one specific example of how it exercises that discretion.
a. Environmental Protection Agency
b. Federal Communications Commission
c. Federal Reserve board
(3) Describe two ways in which Congress ensures that federal agencies follow legislative intent.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/_ap06_gopo_us_sg.pdf
2. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is under the policy of clean air and water. The EPA is in charge of protecting the environment by creating national parks and regulating pollution levels. The EPA passed pollution level laws and ordered all cities to change their requirements that didn't pass the test.
3. Two ways in which Congress ensures that federal agencies follow legislative intent are: investigations, and Legislative Veto.
2006-3 The United States congress and the president together have the power to enact federal law. Federal bureaucratic agencies have the responsibility to execute federal law. However, in the carrying out of these laws, federal agencies have policy making discretion.
(1) Explain two reasons why Congress gives federal agencies policy making discretion in executing federal laws.
(2) Choose one of the bureaucratic agencies listed below. Identify the policy area over which it exercises policy-making discretion and give one specific example of how it exercises that discretion.
a. Environmental Protection Agency
b. Federal Communications Commission
c. Federal Reserve board
(3) Describe two ways in which Congress ensures that federal agencies follow legislative intent.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/_ap06_gopo_us_sg.pdf
Social Security Essay #15
B) Payroll taxes are the primary source of revenue for the Social Security program.
C) One threat to the future of the Social security program should the trends depicted in the chart is running out of money to provide to the people who receive Social Security.
D) One demographic trend that threatens the future of the Social Security program is that people are living longer and have a greater life expectancy. Because the number of workers who fund Social Security is decreasing, the number of people eligible for Social Security is increasing. Therefore, the threat of running out of money is very likely.
E) If people were to work longer, less money would be paid out/more money would be paid in/the reserve would not decline as rapidly or as much.
2006-2 In recent decades, entitlement programs have constituted a substantial portion of the United States federal budget. Social Security is the largest entitlement program in the US. From the information in the chart above, and your knowledge of the US government and politics, perform the following tasks.
(a) define entitlement program
(b) What is the primary source of revenue for the Social Security program
(c) Identify one threat to the future of the Social security program should the trends depicted in the chart continue
(d) Describe one demographic trend that threatens the future of the Social Security program and explain how it is responsible for the threat that you identified in (c)
(e) Explain how any one of the trends in the chart above would change if the age of eligibility for social security were raised.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/_ap06_gopo_us_sg.pdf
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